The Montreal Protocol
Leading environmentalists and their partners in industry and trade, all agree that CFCs are the main cause of destruction of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. The destruction of the ozone layer, greenhouse effect (direct or indirect) are the first environmental problems arising from the use of CFCs. In 1974, Molina and Rowland observed hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica, which they considered to be abnormal. Apparently, there is a direct connection with CFCs. In 1977, after 3 years of Molina and Rowland presented their hypothesis of ozone destruction of HFC, United Nations Environment Programme organized a crucial conference to initiate action. Since this situation was discussed at several meetings and symposia.
on September 19, 1987, 24 countries at the meeting in Montreal was signed a Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. Montreal Protocol-an international agreement that regulates the protection of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. The Montreal Protocol and its amendments management replacement of ODS production and use.
According to the Protocol, a number of international organizations, a report on the science of ozone depletion, implement projects, and to help move away from the UDF, and to provide a forum for discussion of policy issues. In addition, the Multilateral Fund provides resources for developing countries, to promote the transition to ozone-safe technologies.
This Protocol provided reduce fuel consumption (up to 20% in 1986 consumption on 1 July 1993 and 50% - to 1 July 1998), with more recent periods for developing countries. In addition, many countries (more than 70), the Protocol signed and adopted the rules in the following Helsinki Conference (May 1989) and at the Conference in London (June 1990) and so on. Subsequently, many countries have enacted stricter rules than those of the Montreal Protocol.
After the Montreal Protocol was a tremendous effort in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry to find the right replacement of CFCs now when you stop using. In this respect, thermodynamic aspects of replacement refrigerants, in particular, the implications for the system operating efficiency and the desired temperature and pressure for ordinary refrigeration equipment, and are being investigated. Recently, there has been increasing interest in research and development in many areas, for example, the environmental phenomena, liquid toxicology, thermody-dynamic and technological properties of the alternative refrigerants and equipment, as well as the use of new cycles and systems.
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Refrigerants